Scanning Beam Display System

ABSTRACT

A scanning beam display system includes an optical module, an image control module, and a display screen on which optical beams are scanned. The optical module includes a vertical adjuster placed in the optical paths of the beams to control and adjust positions of the optical beams along a generally vertical direction on the display screen, and a control unit configured to receive control instructions for the vertical adjuster and to control the vertical adjuster to be at one of a predetermined number of orientations to place the scanning optical beams at a corresponding distinct position on the display screen. The control unit is further configured to apply an adjustment offset to each orientation of the vertical adjuster such that each immediately vertically adjacent pair of beam footprints projected on the display screen resulting from the plurality of positions have a vertical overlap that is larger than a first threshold.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/583,023, filed Dec. 24, 2014, the contents of which are incorporatedby reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application generally relates to display systems that scan one ormore optical beams onto a screen to display images.

BACKGROUND

Display systems can be configured as scanning-beam display systems whichscan one or more optical beams that are modulated over time to carryoptical pulses as the beam moves over a screen in a raster scanningpattern to form images on a screen. Each scanning beam has a small beamfootprint that is less than or equal to a subpixel on the screen and thebeam footprint scans the subpixel and is modulated in optical power orintensity in the time domain to carry images. Raster scanning of such amodulated beam on the screen converts images carried by the sequentialoptical pulses into spatial patterns as images on the screen.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect, a scanning beam display system includes anoptical module, an image control module that is configured to receiveimage information and convey corresponding pixel information to theoptical module, where the optical module being configured to produce aplurality of optical beams that are modulated based on the pixelinformation to thereby convey images to be displayed, and a displayscreen configured to receive the plurality of optical beams to displayimages conveyed by the optical beams, where the plurality of opticalbeams are scanned in a generally horizontal direction across the displayscreen. Each of the optical beams convey pixel information. The opticalmodule includes a vertical adjuster placed in the optical paths of theoptical beams to control and adjust positions of the optical beams alonga generally vertical direction on the display screen, and a control unitconfigured to receive control instructions for the vertical adjuster andto control the vertical adjuster to be at one of a predetermined numberof orientations to place the scanning optical beams at a correspondingdistinct position along the vertical direction on the display screen,where the control unit causes the vertical adjuster to reorientperiodically to another of the orientations. The control unit is furtherconfigured to apply an adjustment offset associated with eachorientation of the vertical adjuster such that each immediatelyvertically adjacent pair of beam footprints projected on the displayscreen resulting from the plurality of positions have a vertical overlapthat is larger than a first threshold.

Implementations of this aspect may include one or more of the followingfeatures. For example, the control unit may be further configured todecrease an optical energy associated with each beam footprint such thatthe resulting vertical overlap of each immediately vertically adjacentpair of beam footprints is less than a second threshold. The secondthreshold may be a maximum allowable size associated with the verticaloverlap between any two immediately vertically adjacent beam footprints.The second threshold may be a maximum allowable intensity of thevertical overlap between any two immediately vertically adjacent beamfootprints. Decreasing the optical energy may reduce a height of thecorresponding beam footprint. The optical module may further include apolygon scanner positioned in the optical paths of the optical beams andcomprising a rotation axis around which the polygon scanner rotates toscan the optical beams horizontally across the display screen. Thepolygon scanner may include a plurality of polygon facets that are eachsized to simultaneously receive the optical beams and each tilted withrespect to the rotation axis at different facet tilt angles,respectively, to scan the optical beams horizontally at differentvertical positions on the display screen, respectively. The verticaladjuster may reorient to a different orientation after each completerotation of the polygon scanner. The vertical adjuster, by switchingbetween the predetermined number of orientations, may cause the beamfootprints to be projected on the display screen over time such thatthere are no gaps in the vertical direction between immediatelyvertically adjacent pairs of beam footprints. The predetermined numberof orientations may be three or more. The orientations of the verticaladjuster may be separated by equidistant angles. The orientations of thevertical adjuster may be separated by non-equidistant angles. The pixelinformation associated with each orientation of the vertical adjusterfor a vertically continuous group of beam footprints may be different.The pixel information associated with two of the orientations of thevertical adjuster for a vertically continuous group of beam footprintsmay be same. The pixel information associated with one of theorientations of the vertical adjuster for a vertically continuous groupof beam footprints may be interpolated from the pixel informationassociated with two other orientations of the vertical adjuster for thevertically continuous group of beam footprints. The control unit may beconfigured to increase or decrease an optical energy associated witheach beam footprint to limit non-uniformity in screen brightness.

The scanning beam display system according to this aspect may furtherinclude a memory configured to store beam footprint information of abeam footprint formed by each of the optical beams on the displayscreen, where the beam footprint information including beam height dataand position data of the beam footprint, and where the control unit isconfigured to receive control instructions that are determined based onthe stored beam footprint information. The memory may be configured toreceive beam footprint information from a beam footprint determinationunit. The optical module may include the beam footprint determinationunit.

A scanning beam display array may include two or more scanning beamdisplay systems according to this aspect, where the two or more scanningbeam display systems may be arranged adjacent to each other, and wherethe orientations and associated adjustment offsets of each of thecorresponding vertical adjusters may be synchronized.

According to another aspect, a scanning beam display array may includetwo or more scanning beam display systems according to this aspect,where the two or more scanning beam display systems may be arrangedadjacent to each other, and where the orientations and associatedadjustment offsets of each of the corresponding vertical adjusters maybe synchronized. According to another aspect, a scanning beam displaysystem may include an optical module, an image control module that isconfigured to receive image information and convey corresponding pixelinformation to the optical module, where the optical module isconfigured to produce a plurality of optical beams that are modulatedbased on the pixel information to thereby convey images to be displayed,and a display screen configured to receive the plurality of opticalbeams to display images conveyed by the optical beams, where theplurality of optical beams being scanned in a first direction across thedisplay screen. Each of the optical beams conveys pixel information. Theoptical module includes an adjuster placed in the optical paths of theoptical beams to control and adjust positions of the optical beams alonga second direction on the display screen, where the second direction istransverse to the first direction, and a control unit configured toreceive control instructions for the adjuster and to control theadjuster to be at one of a predetermined number of orientations to placethe scanning optical beams at a corresponding distinct position alongthe second direction on the display screen, where the control unitcauses the adjuster to reorient periodically to another of theorientations. The control unit is further configured to apply anadjustment offset associated with each orientation of the adjuster suchthat each pair of beam footprints that are projected on the displayscreen resulting from the plurality of positions and are immediatelyadjacent to each other along the second direction have an overlap alongthe second direction that is larger than a first threshold.

Implementations of this aspect may include one or more of the followingfeatures. For example, the adjuster may be configured to adjustpositions of the optical beams along the second direction that isorthogonal to the first direction.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example scanning beam display system.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example scanning pattern for filling the screenproduced by using a polygon scanner to scan multiple laser beams andusing a vertical adjuster to interlace three fields.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example scanning beam display system having ascreen having fluorescent stripes.

FIG. 4A illustrates a side cross-section view of the fluorescent screenin FIG. 3.

FIG. 4B illustrates a close-up view of the fluorescent screen in FIG. 4Aalong the direction B-B.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example implementation of a laser module from thesystem in FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example implementation of filling the displayscreen by interlacing two fields.

FIG. 7 illustrates a series of beam footprints projected over time intwo adjacent scan lines from FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example implementation of filling the displayscreen by interlacing three fields.

FIG. 9 illustrates a series of beam footprints projected over time inthree adjacent scan lines from FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example anomaly in the series of beam footprintsin FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 illustrates another example anomaly in the series of beamfootprints in FIG. 9.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example bow distortion on the display screen.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of measured distortions on the displayscreen.

FIG. 14 illustrates a series of beam footprints projected over time inthree adjacent scan lines, where the beam footprints converge along thescanning direction to create bright spots in overlapping regions.

FIG. 15 illustrates the series of bean footprints from FIG. 14 followingan exemplary optical energy reduction in the affected beams to reducethe bright spots.

FIGS. 16A-C illustrate example optical beam profiles.

FIGS. 17A-D illustrate example assignments of pixel values acrossmultiple image fields over time.

FIGS. 18A and B illustrate example assignments of pixel values acrossmultiple image fields over time based on 8 refreshes per video frame.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Display systems that scan one or more optical beams onto a screen todisplay images can be implemented in various configurations. Forexample, in some implementations, the screen may be a passive screenthat does not emit light and directly uses the light of the one or morescanning optical beams to form the images by, e.g., reflecting,transmitting, diffusing or scattering the light of the one or morescanning optical beams. In a rear projection mode with red, blue andgreen beams carrying images respectively in red, green and blue colors,the passive screen receives the red, green and blue beams from one sideand diffuses, transmits or scatters the received light to producecolored images for viewing on the other side of the screen.

In other implementations, the screen of such a display system may be alight-emitting screen. Light-emitting materials can be included in sucha screen to absorb the light of the one or more scanning optical beamsand to emit new light that forms the images. The light of the one ormore scanning optical beams is not directly used in forming the imagesseen by a viewer. For example, the screen can be a light-emitting screenthat emits visible light in colors by converting excitation energyapplied to the screen into the emitted visible light, e.g., viaabsorption of excitation light. The emitted visible light forms theimages to a viewer. The screen can be implemented to include multiplescreen layers, one or more of which have light-emitting components thatconvert the excitation energy into the emitted visible light that formsthe images.

In the above as well as in other implementations, various opticalcomponents, such as optical scanning modules that perform the rasterscanning of the one or more optical beams and optical lenses, aretypically provided in the optical paths of the one or more optical beamsbefore reaching the screen. Under an ideal operating condition, theraster scanning pattern formed by scanning the one or more optical beamson the screen should be spatially uniform and free of distortions toproduce the desired images. For example, the raster scanning pattern fora flat rectangular shaped wide screen (e.g., with an aspect ratio of16:9 in many HDTV systems) should be parallel horizontal scanning lineswith even spacing along the vertical direction at all locations wherethe beam spot size on the screen should be a constant independent of theone or more beam positions on the screen. However, various opticaldistortions can occur in the optical paths to distort the rasterscanning pattern on the screen. For example, the presence of opticalscanning modules, optical lenses, and other optical components in theoptical paths of the one or more optical beams often cause opticaldistortions. As a result of such distortions, the quality of thedisplayed images may be degraded.

One measure of the image quality is the uniformity of the imagebrightness across the screen. Human eyes are sensitive to variations ofbrightness. Therefore, optical distortions that lead to non-uniformimage brightness across the screen are significant technical issues inhigh-quality display systems. Unintended spatial variations in beam spotsize and line spacing between adjacent scanning lines on the screen areexamples of contributing causes for non-uniform image brightness acrossthe screen.

Specific examples of scanning beam display systems based onlight-emitting screens are described below to illustrate the localdimming techniques. The techniques can also be applied to scanning beamdisplay systems based on passive screens.

Scanning beam display systems based on light-emitting screens usescreens with light-emitting materials such as fluorescent materials toemit light under optical excitation to produce images. A light-emittingscreen can include a pattern of light-emitting regions that emit lightfor forming images and non-light-emitting regions that are spaces voidof light-emitting materials between the light-emitting regions. Thedesigns of the light-emitting regions and non-light-emitting regions canbe in various configurations, e.g., one or more arrays of parallellight-emitting stripes, one or more arrays of isolated light-emittingisland-like regions or pixel regions, or other design patterns. Thegeometries of the light-emitting regions can be various shapes andsizes, e.g., squares, rectangles or stripes. Examples described belowuse a light-emitting screen that has parallel light-emitting stripesseparated by non-light-emitting lines located between the light-emittingstripes. Each light-emitting stripe can include a light-emittingmaterial such as a phosphor-containing material that either forms acontiguous stripe line or is distributed in separated regions along thestripe.

In one implementation, for example, three different color phosphors orphosphor combinations that are optically excitable by the laser beam torespectively produce light in red, green, and blue colors suitable forforming color images may be formed on the screen as pixel dots orrepetitive red, green and blue phosphor stripes in parallel. Variousexamples described in this application use screens with parallel colorphosphor stripes for emitting light in red, green, and blue toillustrate various features of the laser-based displays.

Phosphor materials are one type of fluorescent materials. Variousdescribed systems, devices and features in the examples that usephosphors as the fluorescent materials are applicable to displays withscreens made of other optically excitable, light-emitting, non-phosphorfluorescent materials, such as quantum dot materials that emit lightunder proper optical excitation (semiconductor compounds such as, amongothers, CdSe and PbS).

Examples of scanning beam display systems described here use at leastone scanning laser beam to excite color light-emitting materialsdeposited on a screen to produce color images. The scanning laser beamis modulated to convey image information for red, green and blue colorsor in other visible colors and is controlled in such a way that thelaser beam excites the color light-emitting materials in red, green andblue colors based on image data from the red, green and blue colorchannels of the image, respectively. Hence, the scanning laser beamcarries the image data but does not directly produce the visible lightseen by a viewer. Instead, the color light-emitting fluorescentmaterials on the screen absorb the energy of the scanning laser beam andemit visible light in red, green and blue or other colors to generateactual color images seen by the viewer.

Laser excitation of the fluorescent materials using one or more laserbeams with energy sufficient to cause the fluorescent materials to emitlight or to luminesce is one of various forms of optical excitation. Inother implementations, the optical excitation may be generated by anon-laser light source that is sufficiently energetic to excite thefluorescent materials used in the screen. Examples of non-laserexcitation light sources include various light-emitting diodes (LEDs),light lamps and other light sources that produce light at a wavelengthor a spectral band to excite a fluorescent material that converts thelight of a higher energy into light of lower energy in the visiblerange. The excitation optical beam that excites a fluorescent materialon the screen can be at a frequency or in a spectral range that ishigher in frequency than the frequency of the emitted visible light bythe fluorescent material. Accordingly, the excitation optical beam maybe in the violet spectral range and the ultra violet (UV) spectralrange, e.g., wavelengths under 420 nm. In the examples described below,UV light or a UV laser beam is used as an example of the excitationlight for a phosphor material or other fluorescent material and may belight at other wavelength.

In the above and other display implementations, multiple display screenscan be placed adjacent to one another in an array to form a largerdisplay screen. While the beam scanning may be synchronized among themultiple display screens to allow for synchronous operation among themultiple screens, real-time adjustments to vertical adjusters, which arefurther described below, may be made on a per screen basis. In somecases, the orientations and adjustments of multiple, and sometimes all,vertical adjusters in the array may be synchronized with each other.

Referring to FIG. 1, a scanning beam display system based ontwo-dimensional beam scanning is shown. For example, a polygon scannerwith different reflective polygon facets tilted at different tilt facetangles can be used to produce a vertical array of horizontal lines atdifferent vertical positions on the screen. The vertical array of linesmay be parallel to one another. While scanning is described below withrespect to the polygon scanner, various other types of scanners may alsobe used to produce the horizontal lines. A vertical adjuster, forexample a galvo-driven mirror, can be used to adjust vertical positionsof the horizontal lines in one group to relative to vertical positionsof the horizontal lines in another group produced in time subsequent tothe prior group on the screen. The vertical adjuster can be controlledto produce an interlaced scanning pattern formed by the two or moregroups of the horizontal lines or other scanning patterns. As usedherein, the vertical and horizontal directions are used to represent twogenerally orthogonal directions and are not intended to represent anyspecific directions such as the vertical direction with respect to theearth's gravity. Additionally, or alternatively, a beam that is scannedin the vertical or horizontal directions may produce lines that arenon-linear, for example curved.

The system illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a screen 1 on which images aredisplayed and an optical module 10 that produces and scans one or morescanning optical beams 12 onto the screen 1. An optical beam 12 ismodulated to convey image information. For example, the optical beam 12can pulsed to be a sequence of laser pulses that carry image data. Theoptical module 10 can scan the one or more optical beams 12 in a rasterscan pattern to display the images on the screen 1, for example usingthe polygon scanner and the vertical adjuster as described above, whichmay be included as part of the scanning module inside the optical module10. The optical module can further include a scanning control module tocontrol the scanning of the beams.

When using the polygon scanner, the polygon scanner can be positioned inoptical paths of the one or more optical beams 12. The polygon scanneris rotatable about a rotation axis along the vertical direction. Inoperation, the polygon scanner rotates around this rotation axis and theoptical beams 12 impinge the polygon scanner such that the polygonscanner scans the optical beams 12 horizontally on the screen 1 alongthe horizontal scanning direction as shown. The polygon is designed tohave multiple polygon facets that are sized to simultaneously receivethe one or more optical beams 12 directed from the one or more lasers.The polygon facets are reflective to light of the optical beams 12 andtilted with respect to the rotation axis at different tilt angles,respectively, such that the different facets scan the optical beamshorizontally at different vertical positions on the screen,respectively. The vertical adjuster is placed in the optical paths ofthe optical beams 12 to adjust vertical positions of the optical beamson the screen.

In operation, the polygon scanner rotates to scan the scanning beams.Each polygon facet receives, reflects, and scans the one or more beams12 horizontally on the screen 1. The immediate next polygon facet istilted at a different tilt angle from the previous facet and thusreceives, reflects and scans the same one or more beams 12 horizontallyat different vertical positions on the screen 1. In systems withmultiple optical beams 12, the different optical beams from one polygonfacet are directed to different vertical positions on the screen 1. Asdifferent polygon facets sequentially take turns to perform thehorizontal scanning of the one or more beams 12 as the polygon scannerrotates, the vertical positions of the one or more beams 12 on thescreen 1 are stepped vertically at different positions along thevertical stepping direction without a conventional vertical scanner.During the time when a facet scans the one or more beams 12 on thescreen 1, the vertical adjuster can be operated at a fixed orientationso that each beam 12 is being scanned only along the horizontaldirection without a simultaneous vertical scanning. After a fullrotation of the polygon scanner and before its next full rotation, thevertical adjuster can be operated to be at a different fixed orientationso that each facet of the polygon scanner during a succeeding rotationnow scans the beams horizontally at different vertical portions of thescreen as before. In some cases, the vertical adjuster may be adjustedduring a rotation of the polygon scanner such that, for example, theposition of the vertical adjuster is changed after each facet scans thebeams. In some cases, the vertical adjuster may be adjusted while thefacet scans the beams. Such adjustments made during the rotation of thepolygon scanner can help, for example, to improve vertical fill in realtime.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/180,114 entitled “BEAM SCANNINGSYSTEMS BASED ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL POLYGON SCANNER” and filed on Jul. 25,2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,869,112) describes examples of polygonscanners suitable for use with the display systems described in thisapplication and is incorporated by reference as part of thespecification of this application.

FIG. 2 illustrates one example of interlaced raster scanning that can beachieved, for example, using the 2D polygon scanner and the verticaladjuster. Assuming, for example, that there are M facets in the polygonand N optical beams 12, the tilt facet angles of the polygon facets canbe designed to vertically divide the screen into M vertical segments toproject N horizontal scan lines in each vertical segment.

More specifically, as the polygon rotates, the different facets directand scan different vertical segments at different times, one at a time.Hence, scanning by different polygon facets in one full rotation of thepolygon scanner produces a frame or field of M×N horizontal scanninglines that are made of M sequential sets of N simultaneous horizontallines. This operation provides both horizontal scanning by each facetand vertical stepping by sequentially changing the polygon facets.Therefore, in one full rotation, the polygon scanner produces one frameof a sequential set of simultaneous horizontal scanning lines on thescreen produced by the polygon facets, respectively and each polygonfacet produces one set of simultaneous and horizontal scanning lines.

Notably, during each full rotation, the vertical adjuster is controlledto be at one of a predetermined number of orientation. After completionof one full rotation of the polygon and before the next full rotation ofthe polygon, the vertical adjuster is operated to transition andstabilize to another one of the predetermined number of orientations tothereby change vertical positions of the optical beams 12 on the screen1 to spatially interlace horizontal scanning lines in one frame producedin one full rotation of the polygon scanner with horizontal scanninglines of a subsequent frame produced in an immediate subsequent fullrotation of the polygon scanner. The vertical adjuster and the polygonscanner are synchronized to each other to perform the above interlacedraster scanning. As further explained below, the number of orientationsfor the vertical adjuster is determined so as to maximize the verticalfill factor between adjacent laser beam scans—in other words to minimizeany gap between the horizontal lines.

In the example shown in FIG. 2, each full frame image is formed by threeframes or fields, Field 1, Field 2, and Field 3, which are spatiallyinterlaced, with the line spacing between adjacent lines produced byeach facet being minimized or eliminated altogether. Hence, the verticaladjuster in this example, is operated to operate at three orientations,one orientation for the Field 1, another for the Field 2, and yetanother for the Field 3, respectively. In this specific example, therate for the vertical adjustment of the beam position is only threeorientation adjustments per full frame. The vertical adjuster may switchbetween the fields during a blanking period, which can be provided aftereach full rotation of the polygon mirror by turning off the beam for ashort period of time, in order to minimize any undesired visual effectson the screen. In this specific example, the blanking typically occurswhen the two adjacent facets with the greatest change in tilt angle tothe polygon rotation axis between them are in transition from one facetto the other, when the beams are to impinge on the one facet to thenext.

Interlacing three image fields, where each field is associated with apredetermined orientation of the vertical adjuster, is illustrated inthe example in FIG. 2. Here, the number of scanning lines between twosuccessive lines on the screen that are produced by reflection of beamsfrom a single polygon facet—for example successive lines produced on thescreen for Field 1 by Laser 1 and Laser 2—is (P−1) where P is the numberof fields to be interlaced and is an integer not less than 3. That is,to ensure that there are no imaging illumination gaps betweenimmediately vertically adjacent scanning lines that are ultimatelyconveyed on to the screen over time, the scanning lines on the screenformed by two neighboring laser beams reflected from a single polygonfacet should be spaced apart by two horizontal lines or less in order tointerlace three fields while avoiding any vertical gaps there between.Additionally, interlacing additional fields, for example going from twointerlaced image fields to three as described above, can help increasevertical resolution as having more scanned lines can lead to higherpixel density in the vertical direction.

Referring to FIG. 3, an example of a laser-based display system using ascreen having color phosphor stripes is shown. Alternatively, colorphosphor dots or quantum dot or quantum dot regions may also be used todefine the image pixels on the screen. The illustrated system includes alaser module 110 to produce and project at least one scanning laser beam120 onto a screen 101. The screen 101 has parallel color phosphorstripes in the vertical direction where red phosphor absorbs the laserlight to emit light in red, green phosphor absorbs the laser light toemit light in green and blue phosphor absorbs the laser light to emitlight in blue. Each group of three adjacent color phosphor stripescontains stripes for the three different colors. One particular spatialcolor sequence of the stripes is shown in FIG. 3 as red, green and blue.Other color sequences may also be used.

The laser beam 120 is at the wavelength within the optical absorptionbandwidth of the color phosphors and is usually at a wavelength shorterthan the visible blue and the green and red colors for the color images.As an example, the color phosphors may be phosphors that absorb UV lightin the spectral range from about 380 nm to about 420 nm to producedesired red, green and blue light. The laser module 110 can include oneor more lasers such as UV diode lasers to produce the beam 120, a beamscanning mechanism to scan the beam 120 horizontally and vertically torender one image frame at a time on the screen 101, and a signalmodulation mechanism to modulate the beam 120 to carry the informationfor image channels for red, green and blue colors. Such display systemsmay be configured as rear light engine systems where the viewer and thelaser module 110 are on the opposite sides of the screen 101.Alternatively, such display systems may be configured as front lightengine systems where the viewer and laser module 110 are on the sameside of the screen 101.

In the example scenario illustrated in FIG. 4A, the scanning laser beam120 is directed at the green phosphor stripe within a pixel to producegreen light for that pixel. FIG. 4B further shows the operation of thescreen 101 in a view along the direction B-B perpendicular to thesurface of the screen 101. Since each color stripe is longitudinal inshape, the cross section of the beam 120 may be shaped to be elongatedalong the direction of the stripe to maximize the fill factor of thebeam within each color stripe for a pixel. This may be achieved by usinga beam shaping optical element in the laser module 110. A laser sourcethat is used to produce a scanning laser beam that excites a phosphormaterial on the screen may be a single mode laser or a multimode laser.The laser may also be a single mode along the direction perpendicular tothe elongated direction phosphor stripes to have a small beam spreadthat is confined by the width of each phosphor stripe. Along theelongated direction of the phosphor stripes, this laser beam may havemultiple modes to spread over a larger area than the beam spread in thedirection across the phosphor stripe. This use of a laser beam with asingle mode in one direction to have a small beam footprint on thescreen and multiple modes in the perpendicular direction to have alarger footprint on the screen allows the beam to be shaped to fit theelongated color subpixel on the screen and to provide sufficient laserpower in the beam via the multimodes to ensure sufficient brightness ofthe screen.

Accordingly, the laser beam 120, which is modulated to carry opticalpulses with image data, needs to be aligned with respect to proper colorpixels on the screen 101. The laser beam 120 is scanned spatially acrossthe screen 101 to hit different color pixels at different times.Accordingly, the modulated beam 120 carries the image signals for thered, green and blue colors for each pixel at different times and fordifferent pixels at different times. Hence, the beams 120 are coded withimage information for different pixels at different times. The beamscanning thus maps the timely coded image signals in the beams 120 ontothe spatial pixels on the screen 101.

A scanning display system described in this application can becalibrated during the manufacture process so that the laser beam on-offtiming and position of the laser beam relative to the fluorescentstripes in the screen 101 are known and are controlled within apermissible tolerance margin in order for the system to properly operatewith specified image quality. However, the screen 101 and components inthe laser module 101 of the system can change over time due to variousfactors, such as scanning device jitter, changes in temperature orhumidity, changes in orientation of the system relative to gravity,settling due to vibration, aging, and others. Such changes can affectthe positioning of the laser source relative to the screen 101 over timeand thus the factory-set alignment can be altered due to such changes.Notably, such changes can produce visible and, often undesirable,effects on the displayed images. For example, a laser pulse in thescanning excitation beam 120 may hit a subpixel that is adjacent to anintended target subpixel for that laser pulse due to a misalignment ofthe scanning beam 120 relative to the screen along the horizontalscanning direction. When this occurs, the coloring of the displayedimage is changed from the intended coloring of the image. Hence, a redspot in the intended image may be displayed as a green spot on thescreen as the beam is on when the beam is over the green phosphorregion, instead of the intended adjacent red phosphor region. Foranother example, a laser pulse in the scanning excitation beam 120 mayhit both the intended target subpixel and an adjacent subpixel next tothe intended target subpixel due to a misalignment of the scanning beam120 relative to the screen along the horizontal scanning direction. Whenthis occurs, the coloring of the displayed image is changed from theintended coloring of the image and the image resolution deteriorates.The visible effects of these changes can increase as the screen displayresolution increases because a smaller pixel means a smaller tolerancefor a change in position. In addition, as the size of the screenincreases, the effect of a change that can affect the alignment can bemore pronounced because a large moment arm associated with a largescreen means that an angular error can lead to a large position error onthe screen. For example, if the laser beam position on the screen for aknown beam angle changes over time, the result is a color shift in theimage. This effect can be noticeable and thus undesirable to the viewer.

A feedback control alignment mechanism can be provided in the system inFIG. 3 to maintain proper alignment of the scanning beam 120 on thedesired subpixel to achieved desired image quality. The screen 101 isused to provide a screen feedback signal 130 to indicate the alignmentstatus of the beam 120 using timing information. The alignment feedbackcontrol system determines spatial information derived from timinginformation, the control module 110 responds to the timing informationin the screen feedback to control the scanning beam 120 to compensatefor spatial positioning error. Such feedback control can includereference marks on the screen 101, both in the fluorescent area and inone or more peripheral area outside the fluorescent area, to providefeedback light that has a timing and/or positioning effect on theexcitation beam 120 and represents the position and other properties ofthe scanning beam on the screen 101. The feedback light can be measuredby using one or more optical servo sensors to produce a feedback servosignal. A servo control in the laser module 110 processes this feedbackservo signal to extract the information on the beam positioning andother properties of the beam on the screen and, in response, adjust thetiming of the scanning beam 120 modulation to ensure the properoperation of the display system. The feedback light may be the samelight as the excitation light or a light of a frequency different fromthe excitation light. The feedback light may be an IR range light thatis used to detect the reference marks on screen 101 The IR laserposition is calibrated against the scanning beam 120 using on or offpanel reference marks.

For example, a feedback servo control system can be provided to useperipheral servo reference marks positioned outside the display areaunobservable by the viewer to provide control over various beamproperties, such as the horizontal positioning along the horizontalscanning direction perpendicular to the fluorescent stripes, thevertical positioning along the longitudinal direction of the fluorescentstripes, the beam focusing on the screen for control the imagesharpness, and the beam power on the screen for control the imagebrightness.

For another example, a screen calibration procedure can be performed atthe startup of the display system to measure the beam positioninformation as a calibration map. This calibration map is then used bythe laser module 110 to control the timing and positioning of thescanning beam 120 to achieve the desired color purity. In some cases,the calibration procedure can also include measuring beam footprintinformation as a function of the beam position, as further detailedbelow. For yet another example, a dynamic servo control system can beprovided to regularly update the calibration map during the normaloperation of the display system by using servo reference marks in thefluorescent area of the screen to provide the feedback light withoutaffecting the viewing experience of a viewer.

Referring now to FIG. 5, an example implementation of the laser module110 in FIG. 3 is illustrated. A laser array 310 with multiple lasers isused to generate multiple laser beams 312 to simultaneously scan thescreen 101 for enhanced display brightness. A signal modulationcontroller 320 is provided to control and modulate the lasers in thelaser array 310 so that the laser beams 312 are modulated to carry theimage to be displayed on the screen 101. The signal modulationcontroller 320 can include a digital image processor that generatesdigital image signals for the three different color channels and laserdriver circuits that produce laser control signals carrying the digitalimage signals. The laser control signals are then applied to modulatethe lasers, e.g., the currents for laser diodes, in the laser array 310.

The beam scanning in the system illustrated in FIG. 5 may be achieved byusing a vertical adjuster 340 such as a galvo mirror for the verticalscanning and a multi-facet polygon scanner 350 with different facetstilted at different angles. A scan lens 360 can be used to focus thescanning beams form the polygon scanner 350 onto the screen 101. Thescan lens 360 is designed to image each laser in the laser array 310onto the screen 101. Each of the different reflective facets of thepolygon scanner 350 simultaneously scans N horizontal lines where N isthe number of lasers. In the illustrated example, the laser beams arefirst directed to the vertical adjuster 340 and then from the verticaladjuster 340 to the polygon scanner 350 which scans the received laserbeams as output scanning beams 120 onto the screen 101. A relay opticsmodule 330 may be placed in the optical path of the laser beams 312 tomodify the spatial property of the laser beams 312 and to produce aclosely packed bundle of beams 332 for scanning by the polygon scanner350. The scanning beams 120 focused onto the screen 101 excite thephosphors and the optically excited phosphors emit colored light todisplay visible images. The laser beams 312, 120 are illustrated in FIG.5 as separated along horizontal axis so that the multiple beams can beseen; but in practice the beams would be aligned horizontally andseparated along the vertical axis (into/out of the page).

The laser beams 120 are scanned spatially across the screen 101 to hitdifferent color pixels at different times. Accordingly, each of themodulated beams 120 carries the image signals for the red, green andblue colors for each pixel at different times and for different pixelsat different times. Hence, the beams 120 are coded with imageinformation for different pixels at different times by the signalmodulation controller 320. The beam scanning thus maps the time-domaincoded image signals in the beams 120 onto the spatially based pixellocations on the screen 101. For example, the modulated laser beams 120can have each color pixel time equally divided into three sequentialtime slots for the three color subpixels for the three different colorchannels. The modulation of the beams 120 may use pulse modulationtechniques to produce desired grey scales in each color, a proper colorcombination for each pixel, and desired image brightness. The modulationbeing a pulse width modulation, a pulse amplitude modulation, or acombination of both. The laser diodes are also separately biased with aproper threshold current to enable fast rise and fall times or switchingspeeds.

In some implementations, an imaging module 370 can be placed in theoptical path between the vertical adjuster 340 and the polygon to imagethe surface of the reflective surface of the vertical adjuster 340 ontoa polygon facet that currently reflects the beams to the screen 101.This imaging effectively makes the vertical adjuster 340 coincident withthe currently reflecting polygon facet which, in turn, is coincidentwith the entrance pupil of the scan lens 360. Therefore, the entrancepupil of the scan lens 360 is the pivot point for the scanning beamsdirected to the scan lens 360. The imaging module 370 can be in variousoptical configurations and may include, for example, two lenses in a 4Fimaging configuration with a magnification of 1.

In some implementations, the scanning beam display system can include aninvisible servo beam to provide additional positional feedback. Forexample, a controller 380 can be used to provide control functions andcontrol intelligence based on servo detector signals from one or moreservo beam detectors 390 that detect servo feedback light from thescreen 101. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/769,580 entitled “SERVOFEEDBACK CONTROL BASED ON INVISIBLE SCANNING SERVO BEAM IN SCANNING BEAMDISPLAY SYSTEMS WITH LIGHT-EMITTING SCREENS” and filed on Jun. 27, 2007(now U.S. Pat. No. 7,878,657) describes examples of servo feedbackcontrol suitable for use with the display systems described in thisapplication and is incorporated by reference as part of thespecification of this application.

In some implementations, a beam footprint detector 400 may be providedin the display system to output a measured footprint of the focused beamon the screen 101. Alternatively, or additionally, the beam footprintdetector 400 may be a standalone measurement device that can be used tomeasure beam footprint information at multiple different positions onthe screen. The beam footprint measurement can be recorded for eachsubpixel of the screen on which the beam is focused in order to, forexample, produce a beam footprint map for the entire screen. Beamfootprint information can include a height and a width of the opticalbeam that is projected on the screen 101 as the beam is modulated andscanned across the screen 101. In some implementation the beam footprintinformation can include an arbitrary shape of the optical beam that isprojected on the screen 101 and that may change as the beam is modulatedand scanned across the screen 101. In some implementation the beamfootprint information can include information about intensity hot spotswithin the detected shape of the optical beam that is projected on thescreen 101 as the beam is modulated and scanned across the screen 101.The control system 380 may be configured to access a memory 402 that canstore the beam footprint information associated with each beam positionon the screen. In some cases, beam footprint information may bepre-stored onto the memory 402, either through information obtained viathe footprint detector 400 or via other means. Alternatively, oradditionally, the beam footprint information may be entered/updated inreal time during operation of the display system based on input from thefootprint detector 400.

As noted above, any gaps between adjacent scanning lines projected onthe screen should be avoided. Otherwise, the viewer may be able todetect a black line that runs across the screen, particularly if theviewer is positioned close to the screen. Accordingly, the verticaladjuster should be configured to have a sufficient number of positionsso that there are no gaps between vertically adjacent beam projectionsover time.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example scenario of displaying on the screen 101by interlacing two fields. Here, an array of N vertically spaced laserbeams are scanned horizontally across the screen 101 to create S swathsthat fill the screen 101, each swath being created by, for example,scanning the beam array using a respective facet of a polygon scannerwith S facets. By stepping the vertical adjuster back and forth betweentwo predetermined orientations following each rotation of the polygonmirror, two fields F1 and F2 are interlaced to increase the fill factor.

Looking at a close-up view 408 of one of the swaths and furtherreferring to FIG. 7, because the vertical pitch p′ between adjacent beamprojections, or beam footprints, 412 is greater than the height h′ ofeach projection along the vertical axis, gaps 410 may be present betweenvertically adjacent beam footprints. The gaps 410 may be observed by theviewer as black lines or partial black lines that streak across thescreen 101.

The shape of the beam footprint 412 as shown in FIG. 7 is merelyexemplary and can include various other shapes that are associated withdifferent beam profiles. The dark region 413 within the footprintrepresents a region of peak intensity for the focused beam. In somecases, for example when multimode lasers are used to produce the opticalbeams, multiple peaks may be present. It should be noted that the beamfootprints shown in FIG. 7 for Row A correspond to projections that amodulated optical beam produces on the screen during a period of timefor one of the interlaced fields. That is, the series of beam footprints412 shown for Row A represent the horizontal stepping of a single beamacross the screen over time. Similarly, the beam footprints shown in RowB correspond to such projections for the interlaced field situatedimmediately below. While only one instantaneous beam footprint may beprojected at a time for each row, a latent image of such a footprint mayremain for a short period of time on the phosphor stripes, therebyallowing the screen to be filled with the desired image. Alternatively,or additionally, the latent image may remain within the viewer's eye asthe eye has an integration time that captures the entire scanning areaand perceives it as one.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example scenario of filling the screen 101 byinterlacing three fields. The same array of N vertically spaced laserbeams as shown in FIG. 6 are again scanned horizontally across thescreen 101 to create S swaths that fill the screen 101. However, bystepping the vertical adjuster through three, instead of two,orientations after each polygon rotation, three fields F1, F2, and F3are interlaced to further increase the fill factor or add more verticalresolution.

Looking at a close-up view 414 of one of the swaths and furtherreferring to FIG. 9, because the vertical pitch p″ between adjacent beamfootprints is now less than or equal to the height h″ of each scannedbeam along the vertical axis, no gaps are created between verticallyadjacent beam footprints. In other words, by providing an additionalvertical adjuster position to the system illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6,the fill factor may be improved without having to increase the height ofthe scanned beam. As increasing the height of the scanned beam may causecrosstalk issues if the beam were to rotate as it scans across thescreen leading to spillover of energy from one phosphor color toanother. This is illustrated in FIG. 11. Moreover, increase the densityof scanned beams vs. increasing the height of the beam has the advantageof increasing image resolution (as each additional scanned field carryimage information).

While FIGS. 8 and 9 show that the beams within a swath are positionedvertically equidistant from each other, the beams may be positionednon-equidistant distances away from each other. To create equallyseparated beams, the vertical adjuster may be configured to atorientations that are separated by equidistant angles. In some cases,due for example to pre-existing or time-dependent variations within thedisplay system, the vertical adjuster may be configured to be atorientations that are separated by non-equidistant angles in order toproject vertically equidistant beams on the screen. In some cases, thevertical adjuster orientations may be configured to intentionallyproduce beams within a swath that are positioned at non-equidistantdistances from each other in the vertical direction. The actual settingfor the vertical adjuster orientations may be determined experimentallyto yield optimal picture quality and may depend on a number of factors.For example, height of each optical beam, the beam's angle of incidencerelative to the screen, movement range of the vertical adjuster, beamprofile, properties of the polygon scanner, positioning tolerance of thevertical adjuster's orientations, etc. may all have an impact on how thevertical adjuster orientations are determined.

Referring to FIG. 10, an example scenario is shown where the beamfootprints associated with Row B (or Field 2) is shifted verticallydownward, thereby creating gaps 420 between the beams in Rows A and Bwhile creating bright spots 422 between the beams in Rows B and C thatcan result from excessive overlap between the beams. These kinds ofanomalies may be global or localized to particular locations on thescreen. Moreover, such anomalies may be known beforehand throughfootprint or scanning distortion information stored in memory 402 or maybe detected in real-time using the footprint detector 400 or scanningimage intensity maps that is integrated within the display system.

Based on the beam footprint and scanning image intensity mapsinformation, the control system 380 (FIG. 5) can set or apply anadjustment angle, or offset, to be associated with each predeterminedorientation of the vertical adjuster to eliminate any unwanted gaps 420or bright spots 422 between vertically adjacent footprints. Theadjustment angle implemented may depend on the position of the beamfootprint on the screen. In some cases, the adjustment may be made whilethe beam is being scanned horizontally.

As noted above, beam footprint or trajectory can vary depending on whereon the screen the beam is projected. Such variation can be an inherentcharacteristic of the particular optical system and/or may be introducedover time due to various time-dependent factors (e.g., gravity,vibration, temperature/humidity change, etc.)

Referring further to FIG. 11, due to inherent characteristics of theoptical system for example, the beam footprints may be tilted near thehorizontal extremes of the screen. For example, beams projected near aleft end of the screen may be rotated up to 9 degrees in one direction,while beams projected near a right end of the screen may be rotated upto 9 degrees in the opposite direction. Due to such rotation, ortilting, of the beams, an effective height of the beam footprints may bereduced in such regions, resulting in gaps 430 being formed betweenvertically adjacent beam footprints. Accordingly, when determining thenumber of vertical adjuster positions that will result in theminimization of gaps, basing the determination up the smallest verticalheight of a beam footprint found on the screen can ensure that no gapsare formed even in the regions of the screen where due to rotation ofthe beams or for other reasons the effective height of the beamfootprint is reduced.

FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate examples of other types of variations thatcan lead to non-uniform filling of the screen. For example, as shown inFIG. 12, vertical and horizontal bow distortions can occur when using atwo-dimensional f-theta scan lens located in the optical path betweenthe scanning optical module (e.g., the polygon 350 and galvo mirror 340)and the screen 101. As illustrated, the bow distortion in each directionincreases from the center of the screen towards the edge of the screenas the incident angle of the light to the scan lens increases.

FIG. 13 shows an example of a map of measured beam positions on a screenwith the above-noted optical bow distortions. The effects of thevertical and horizontal bow distortions caused by a scan lens assemblycan be measured, for example, together with the beam footprintmeasurement. Based on the measured distortions, e.g., beam spot spacingvariations, the optical energy of the optical pulses can be adjusted tocounter the non-uniformity in screen brightness caused by the measureddistortions. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/796,591 entitled “LOCALDIMMING ON LIGHT-EMITTING SCREENS FOR IMPROVED IMAGE UNIFORMITY INSCANNING BEAM DISPLAY SYSTEMS” and filed on Jun. 8, 2010, describesexamples of removing distortions and improving image uniformity and isincorporated by reference as part of the specification of thisapplication.

Referring again to FIG. 10, bright spots 422 can occur when thevertically overlapping portions between adjacent beam footprints are toolarge. Such a phenomenon can occur for display systems where the numberof vertical adjuster positions has been set in order to maximize thefill factor by eliminating potential gaps. In such cases, the opticalenergies, or intensities, associated with the corresponding opticalpulse may be reduced for one of the overlapping beam pulses or the otheror both, thereby remapping the intensity distribution so that theobserver does not see hot spots. By decreasing the intensity of thebeams associated with the excess overlap, the brightness of theoverlapping portion may be reduced and appear more uniform to theviewer.

FIG. 14 illustrates a region of the screen where the parallel horizontalscanning lines converge along the scanning direction. So while no gapsor bright spots may be formed for beam footprints in column S, the useof beam footprints having the same height in the converged columns, forexample column T, can lead to excess overlap that results in brightspots 440. However, by correspondingly reducing the optical energiesassociated with the converged beams to decrease intensity of therespective beams, the bright spots 440 may be reduced—as illustrated inFIG. 15.

As explained above, the spacing between a pair of adjacent beamfootprints should be such that the vertical fill factor is maximized.This is generally achieved when the pitch between adjacent footprints isequal to or less than the height of the associated beam footprint.However, because laser beams, and other types of optical beams, can havedifferent kinds of beam profiles, the “height” of the beam may notalways be clearly defined.

For example, referring further to FIG. 16A, given a Gaussian profile ofthe optical beams' energy, two vertically adjacent footprints may beconsidered to have no gap therebetween if there is a vertical overlapbetween the beams that is greater than a first threshold, where thefirst threshold can represent a non-zero minimal vertical overlap thatis required to eliminate the appearance of a gap to the user and helpimprove brightness uniformity. Because the distance between verticallyadjacent beam footprints, or pitch P, as well as an effective height Hof a beam footprint can both vary as a function of position on thescreen, the determination of what the first threshold should be can bemade based on a screen location having the largest difference between Pand H, thereby ensuring that a gap is avoided for all recorded beampositions on the screen. The beam footprint and position information asused in this determination may be obtained from the beam footprintmeasurement process as noted above.

In some cases, where the beam profile is Gaussian, the first thresholdmay represent the point at which points associated with the 1/e² widthsof the respective beams pass each other. In some cases, the firstthreshold may be derived experimentally based on the particularcharacteristics of the display system and/or the viewer (e.g., viewingdistance). As another example, the optical beam can have a trapezoidalprofile, as illustrated in FIG. 16B, or a multimode shape as in FIG.16C. Alternatively, in some cases, the first threshold may represent thepoint at which the respective tails of the beams just begin to toucheach other.

Referring back to FIGS. 14 and 15, it was noted that excess overlapbetween adjacent beam footprints can result in bright spots 440. Toavoid such bright spots, the optical energies associated with the beamfootprints at issue may be decreased so that, for example, the size thatis associated with the overlapping region does not surpass a secondthreshold. That is, by further relying on the collected beam footprintdata to decrease the intensities of one or both of the overlapping beamsso that the associated intensity of the overlapping region is less thanthis second threshold, bright spots may be avoided across the entirescreen. Accordingly, by ensuring that the overlapping region is greaterthan the first threshold but less than the second threshold, both gapsand bright spots may be avoided. In some cases, the second threshold mayrefer not to the size of the overlapping region but rather the intensitythat is associated with such region. In other words, once the size ofthe overlap between adjacent beam footprints satisfy the firstthreshold, thereby ensuring no gap, the resulting intensity of theoverlapping region can be controlled to be kept below the secondthreshold, thereby ensuring that the appearance of bright spots isavoided.

When decreasing the optical energy of the affected beam, the height ofthe beam footprint as perceived by the user may decreasecorrespondingly. However, the energy decrease should be controlled suchthat the resulting beam height does not lead to an overlapping regionthat falls below the first threshold (i.e. creates gaps). The secondthreshold may be based on intensity, thus indicating a maximum intensitythat the overlapping region should stay under. Notably, the opticalenergy may be adjusted on a per pixel basis, thereby allowing theadjustment of size/intensity for individual pixels. While the energy foreach pixel is also dynamically controlled by corresponding image data,for example to display a moving picture on the screen, the secondthreshold effectively serves as a gain-controlling mechanism that limitsthe maximum intensity produced in the overlapping region.

In some cases, the second threshold may be based on size, thusindicating a maximum allowable physical size of the overlapping region.For example, referring to FIG. 16A, the second threshold may representthe amount of overlap at which the points associated with the 1/e²widths of the respective beams pass each other. In some cases, thesecond threshold may represent the amount of overlap at which the pointsassociated with the full width half maximum of the Gaussian beams passeach other. Referring to the trapezoidal beam profile shown in FIG. 16B,the second threshold may represent the amount of overlap at which thepoints associated with the half widths of the beams pass each other.

In some implementations, the image information associated with eachvideo frame buffer may not be in a format compatible with the number oforientations of the vertical adjuster. For example, referring to FIG.17A, a series of images shown on the screen over time is represented asImage 1, Image 2, Image 3, etc. Here, each image is shown as having aset of pixel values A associated with Field 1 and a second set of pixelvalues B associated with Field 2. Thus, by switching the verticaladjuster back and forth between positions corresponding Field 1 andField 2, a single image made up of pixel values A and B can be displayedon the screen.

However, if the imaging system of FIG. 17A is modified to include threefields (Field 1-3) that correspond to three distinct positions of thevertical adjuster, then additional pixel values may be needed. Forexample, if pixel value A is assigned to Field 1 and pixel value B isassigned to Field 3, then an additional pixel value will be needed forField 2. One example scheme for filling the added field is shown in FIG.17B. Here, the pixel value for Field 1 (A) and the pixel value fromField 3 (B) are alternately assigned to Field 2 over time in order toprovide a vertically filled image. Alternatively, FIG. 17C illustratesan interpolation method in which the pixel value for Field 2 isinterpolated, in this case through simple averaging, from the pixelvalues of Field 1 and Field 3. Various other types of filling andinterpolation methods may be utilized in assigning an appropriate pixelvalue to the added field. As another example, a cubic interpolationmethod based on 4 points may be used.

Of course, interpolation and other pixel filling methods may not beneeded if there is sufficient pixel data to fill the added field. Forexample, FIG. 17D illustrates pixel values A, B, and C being assigned toFields 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The additional pixel valuecorresponding to the added field may be available, for example, if thenative resolution is increased correspondingly.

In some cases, a two-field imaging system may rely on a video frame thatis rendered, or painted across the screen, multiple times beforeprogressing to the next video frame. For example, if a video frame isupdated at 60 Hz, then each video frame may be refreshed 8 times at 480Hz on the screen. More specifically, as shown in Images 1-4 in FIG. 18A,a single video frame may yield 8 refreshes on the screen, with eachrefresh corresponding to a distinct pixel value. As further illustratedin FIG. 18A, the first two refreshes for video frame 1 may lead todisplaying a first image Image 1 on the screen that is made up of pixelvalue A and pixel value B. The subsequent two refreshes for video frame1 may lead to displaying a second image Image 2 that is made up of pixelvalues A and B. Once 8 refreshes in total have been completed (formingImages 1-4 on the screen over time in the process), the video frame willupdate to video frame 2, and Images 5-8 will then be displayed in asimilar manner. For a polygon scanner-based system, each render/refreshmay correspond to a single full rotation of the polygon scanner.

Referring now to FIG. 18B, a three-field imaging system is shown.However, if the 8 refreshes per video frame scheme is maintained, theremay be instances where there is insufficient pixel information. In otherwords, because a three-field system as illustrated in FIG. 18B requires3 refreshes to form one complete image on the screen (as opposed two 2refreshes in the previous example shown in FIG. 18A), a video frame thatis rendered 8 times as before may only be able to provide enough pixelinformation for 2 and ⅔ images. In such cases, pixel value from thesubsequent video frame may be used to fill the missing ⅓ image. Forexample, looking at FIG. 18B, relying on just the 8 refreshes of videoframe 1 would not provide a sufficient number of pixel values to coverthe bottom ⅓ of Image 3; however, as shown, the corresponding pixelvalue from video frame 2 may be assigned to Field 3 of Image 3 in orderto completely fill Image 3. This way, video frames designed for atwo-field imaging system may be used in a three-field system withoutchanging the associated refresh rates.

While this document contains many specifics, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of an invention or of what may beclaimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particularembodiments of the invention. Certain features that are described inthis document in the context of separate implementations can also beimplemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely,various features that are described in the context of a singleimplementation can also be implemented in multiple implementationsseparately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, althoughfeatures may be described above as acting in certain combinations andeven initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimedcombination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and theclaimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or a variationof a subcombination.

Only a few implementations are disclosed. However, it is understood thatvariations, enhancements, and other implementations can be made based onwhat is described and illustrated in this application.

What is claimed is: 1-21. (canceled)
 22. A scanning beam display system,comprising: an optical module; an image control module that isconfigured to receive image information and convey corresponding pixelinformation to the optical module, the optical module being configuredto produce a plurality of optical beams that are modulated based on thepixel information to thereby convey images to be displayed, wherein eachof the optical beams convey pixel information; and a display screenconfigured to receive the optical beams and to display images conveyedby the optical beams as the optical beams are scanned in a generallyhorizontal direction across the display screen, wherein the opticalmodule comprises: a vertical adjuster placed in optical paths of theoptical beams to control and adjust positions of the optical beams alonga generally vertical direction on the display screen, and a control unitconfigured to receive control instructions for the vertical adjuster andto control an orientation of the vertical adjuster to be reorientedbetween a plurality of default orientations that place the optical beamsbeing scanned at a plurality of corresponding default positions alongthe vertical direction on the display screen, wherein the control unitis further configured to apply adjustment offsets that alter thevertical adjuster's orientations away from the default orientations suchthat the optical beams are horizontally scanned at a plurality ofadjusted positions along the vertical direction on the display screenand such that each immediately vertically adjacent pair of beamfootprints projected on the display screen have a vertical overlap thatis larger than a first threshold.
 23. The system of claim 22, whereinthe optical module further comprises a polygon scanner positioned in theoptical paths of the optical beams and comprising a rotation axis aroundwhich the polygon scanner rotates to scan the optical beams horizontallyacross the display screen, the polygon scanner including a plurality ofpolygon facets that are each sized to simultaneously receive the opticalbeams and each tilted with respect to the rotation axis at differentfacet tilt angles, respectively, to scan the optical beams horizontallyat different vertical positions on the display screen, respectively. 24.The system of claim 23, wherein the vertical adjuster reorients to adifferent orientation after each complete rotation of the polygonscanner.
 25. The system of claim 22, wherein a total number of defaultorientations is two or three.
 26. The system of claim 22, wherein atotal number of default orientations is such that the vertical adjuster,by switching between the predetermined number of orientations, causesthe beam footprints to be projected on the display screen over time suchthat there are no gaps in the vertical direction between immediatelyvertically adjacent pairs of beam footprints.
 27. The scanning of claim22, wherein the default orientations of the vertical adjuster areseparated by equidistant angles.
 28. The system of claim 22, wherein thepixel information associated with each orientation of the verticaladjuster for a vertically continuous group of beam footprints isdifferent.
 29. The system of claim 22, wherein the pixel informationassociated with two of the orientations of the vertical adjuster for avertically continuous group of beam footprints are same.
 30. The systemof claim 22, wherein the pixel information associated with one of theorientations of the vertical adjuster for a vertically continuous groupof beam footprints is interpolated from the pixel information associatedwith two other orientations of the vertical adjuster for the verticallycontinuous group of beam footprints.
 31. The system of claim 22, whereinthe control unit is configured to increase or decrease an optical energyassociated with each beam footprint to limit non-uniformity in screenbrightness.
 32. The system of claim 22, further comprising a memoryconfigured to store beam footprint information of a beam footprintformed by each of the optical beams on the display screen, the beamfootprint information including beam height data and position data ofthe beam footprint, wherein the control unit is configured to receivecontrol instructions that are determined based on the stored beamfootprint information.
 33. The system of claim 32, wherein the memory isconfigured to receive beam footprint information from a beam footprintdetermination unit.
 34. The system of claim 33, wherein the opticalmodule includes the beam footprint determination unit.
 35. A scanningbeam display array, comprising two or more scanning beam display systemsas in claim 22 that are arranged adjacent to each other, wherein theorientations and associated adjustment offsets of each of thecorresponding vertical adjusters are synchronized.